Ecclesiasticus I: Introducing Eastern Orthodoxy
Ecclesiasticus II: Orthodox Icons, Saints, Feasts and Prayer
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(...For
at it they who worshipped the stars, were taught by a star to adore Thee,
the Sun of righteousness, and to know Thee the Orient from on high...")
(The Christmas Troparion)
The
average person today likes to think of himself as a product of the scientific
age. He often flatters himself with the thought that he is superior to
his ancestors, not standing in awe of the natural world, having no fear
of the unknown, and being free from superstition. He is reluctant to believe
anything that cannot be proven logically or scientifically and rejects
what he often refers to as "myth" in religion: man's creation
from nothing, his fall, the promise and the coming of the Savior, salvation
and life in the world to come. Twentieth-century man has been described
as man "come of age", too sophisticated and knowledgeable to
accept these things as literally true, and he takes this description of
himself very seriously. He doubts that the Supreme Being, whoever He may
be, could have any interest inn or plan for man and the rest of creation.
For the advocates of twentieth-centuryism, man is entirely on his own
and has to work out his own destiny and the meaning of his existence.
In rather glaring contradiction to all this theorizing and self-satisfaction
of modern man and his exaggerated ideas about himself, stands one unquestionable
fact: ...man is as superstitious (today) as at any time in recent centuries.
There are more "psychics" and "mediums", more "seers
of the future," more "fortune tellers," now than at any
time in recent centuries. Hundreds of cheap publications, usually available
not only in newspaper and magazine stores, but even in the super-markets,
carry the "predictions" of self-styled "clairvoyants,"
tales of the supernatural, accounts of communication with the dead and
experiences with demonology.
One of the areas in which this fact is most evident is the widespread
interest in astrology. Practically all newspapers and magazines dedicate
a considerable amount of space to the advice of charlatans who pretend
to be experts in reading the stars. It is a million-dollar business, and
hundreds of self-proclaimed astrologers, many of whom would not know one
star from another, have become wealthy on the gullibility of the public.
There are books and pamphlets in the bookstores, drug stores, five and
dime shops, airport gift shops, and many other places, large books especially
dedicated to the "virgos" and "scorpios", and pocket-size
books that treat the subject in a general way. (Note: A recent issue of
a Roman Catholic High School newspaper displayed an "astrological"
column written by two female students) All of this worthless "literature"
is filled with platitudes that are about as serious and useful as the
little bits of advice found in a Chinese fortune cookie. In fact, most
of what they tell their readers could be said by anyone and applied to
anyone. Imagine taking these "gems of wisdom" as revelations
from observations of the movements and conjunctions of the stars: on a
given day, to an Aries: "You will have new incentives given to you.
Use them to your advantage;" to a Taurus: "You can profit form
this day by showing your serene and happy personality;" to a Gemini:
"Work out a suitable program, and plan what phase you will develop
first." And yet, millions of people apparently not only consult their
horoscope daily, but base their day's activities on what the stars supposedly
tell them to do. They eagerly test all the events of a day and deceive
themselves into believing that things turned out just the way the horoscope
said. Many claim it is only an innocent pastime, and others see nothing
in it contradictory to religion.
Evidently some Orthodox Christians do not know that the Church,
in the Bible, the canons and in the writings of the Fathers, condemns
the practice of Astrology.
Isaiah, for example, says (47:13-14), "Let now the astrologers,
the star-gazers, the monthly prognosticators, stand up, and save thee
from these things that shall come upon thee. Behold, they shall be as
stubble; the fire shall burn them; they shall not deliver themselves from
the power of the flame..."
Jeremiah writes: "Thus saith the Lord, Learn not the way of
the heathen, and be not dismayed at the signs of heaven; for the heathen
are dismayed at them. For the customs of the people are vain..."
In Daniel (2:27-28), we read: "Daniel said, the Secret which
the kind hath demanded cannot the wise men, the astrologers, the magicians,
the soothsayers, show unto the king; but there is a God in heaven that
revealeth secrets."
In his Epistle to the Galatians, St. Paul, finding that even some
who had become Christians were holding to their former practices: "But
now, after ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye
again to the weak and beggarly elements (the Greek word means 'rudiments
of religion', such as astrology) whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage?
Ye observe days and months and times, and years. I am afraid of you, lest
I have bestowed upon you labor in vain." (4: 9-11)
Astrology was originally a religion. The Greeks learned it from
the Chaldeans and Persians. Each planet was a god that had a divine personality
and controlled the life and destiny of man. In spite of the fact that
today's astrologers generally deny that their "art" has anything
to do with religion, modern astrology is nothing more that a disguised
ancient pagan religion.
It is interesting to read what some of the Fathers of the Church
have had to say about the subject.
St. Cyril of Jerusalem (Catachetical Lecture IV, 18) says: "It
is not according to the date of your birth that you sin, nor is it by
the power of chance that you commit fornication, nor, as some idly say,
do the confluence of the stars compel you to give yourself to wantonness.
Why do you hesitate to confess your own evil deeds and ascribe the blame
to the innocent stars? Pay no attention to astrologers; for concerning
these the divine Scriptures say: (here he quotes Isaiah 47: 13-14, see
above).
St. Gregory the Theologian (Oration XXXIX, v) speaks of "...the
Chaldean astronomy and horoscopes, comparing our lives with the movements
of the heavenly bodies, which cannot even know what they are themselves,
or what they shall be."
St. John Chrysostom (Homilies on First Corinthians, iv, 11) shows
how the faith of the Christians of his time had been weakened by the revival
of this pagan practice: "And in fact a deep night oppresses the whole
world. This is what we have to dispel and dissolve. It is not only among
the heretics and among the Greeks (pagans), but also in the multitudes
on our side (the Christians) with regard to doctrines and to life. For
many entirely disbelieve the resurrection; many fortify themselves with
their horoscopes; many adhere to superstitious observances, and to omens,
and auguries and presages. And some likewise employ amulets and charms."
St. John of Damascus (The Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith,
Book II, Chap. vii) writes: "Now the Greeks (the pagans) declare
that all our affairs are controlled by the rising and setting and collision
of the stars, the sun and moon (and the signs of the zodiac); for it is
with these matters that astrology has to do. But we hold that we get from
them signs of rain and drought, cold and heat, moisture and dryness, and
of various winds, and so forth, but no sign whatsoever as to our actions.
For we have been created with free will by our Creator and we are masters
over our own actions. Indeed, if all our actions depend on the course
of the stars, all we do is done out of necessity (fate, in other words);
and necessity precludes either virtue or vice. But if we possess neither
virtue nor vice, we deserve neither praise nor punishment, and God too,
will turn out to be unjust, since He gives good things to some land afflicts
others. In fact, He will no longer guide or provide for His own creatures,
if all things are carried and swept along in the grip of necessity. And
the faculty of reason will be superfluous for us, for if we are not masters
of any of our actions, deliberation is quite superfluous. Reason, indeed,
is granted to us solely that we might take counsel, and therefore all
reason implies freedom of will."
Christians should not practice astrology nor consult horoscopes
because it puts faith in created things rather than in the Creator; it
thus undermines faith in God and His redeeming economy (plan) for mankind;
it denies freewill and attributes all that happens to fate; it relieves
man of the responsibility for his sins; it weakens and finally replaces,
however subtly, the faith of the Church, which is the doctrine of Christ,
with a pagan philosophy or religion.
The purpose of the coming of the Savior was to reveal the truth
to man and to destroy this very kind of futile faith that people had put
in the course supposedly determined for them by the stars. This is the
whole point of the Nativity troparion.
"Thy Nativity, O Christ our God, hath arisen upon the world
(as the sun, moon and stars rise), as the light of wisdom (the true knowledge
of God). For at it they who worshipped the stars (the magi who were astrologers)
were taught by a star (the unique star that appeared once as a guide to
where the child was) to adore Thee, the Sun (Christ the true light) of
righteousness, and to know Thee, the Orient (the real morning star) from
on high. O Lord, glory to Thee."
From The Dawn
Publication of the Diocese of the South
Orthodox Church in America
March 1979
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